Deep-Dive · Marine Safety
Navigation Rules for Small Craft: Right of Way, Lights, Buoys
Last updated: 2026-07-28
Why Navigation Rules Apply to Paddle Craft
SUP boards, kayaks, and inflatable boats are classified as vessels under international and national navigation rules (COLREGS). This means paddlers have both rights and responsibilities on the water. Understanding right of way, navigation lights, buoy systems, and sound signals is essential for safe operation, especially in areas with motorized traffic. Ignorance of navigation rules is not a legal defense and, more importantly, can lead to collisions that are life-threatening for unpowered paddle craft.
COLREGS Right of Way Rules
Paddle Craft are Stand-On Vessels
Under COLREGS Rule 18, unpowered vessels (SUP, kayak, sail) have right of way over power-driven vessels. This means motorboats must give way to you. However, never assume a powerboat operator has seen you or knows the rules. Always make eye contact and be prepared to take evasive action.
Head-On Situation
When two power vessels approach head-on, both alter course to starboard (right). For paddle craft meeting a power vessel head-on, maintain course and speed while ensuring the other vessel sees you. If in doubt, move to the far right side of the channel.
Crossing Situation
The vessel to starboard (your right side) has right of way. If you are crossing from the port (left) side of a power vessel, you must give way. If you are on the starboard side, you have right of way but still maintain a safe course and watch for the other vessel's actions.
Overtaking
A vessel overtaking another must keep clear of the overtaken vessel. If you are being overtaken by a power vessel, maintain course and speed. The overtaking vessel must give you wide clearance. Flashing or excessive wake from an overtaking vessel should be reported.
Navigation Lights and Sound Signals
Understanding the Buoy System (IALA)
IALA Region A (Europe, Asia, Africa)
- Red buoys = port side (left) when returning from sea
- Green buoys = starboard side (right) when returning from sea
- Red and green horizontal bands = safe water marker
- Yellow buoys = special areas (mooring, swimming, cables)
IALA Region B (Americas, Japan)
- Green buoys = port side when returning from sea
- Red buoys = starboard side when returning from sea
- "Red Right Returning" — red on right when coming from sea
- Remember the region before navigating unfamiliar waters
Safe Navigation Checklist
Before heading out, especially in areas with motorized traffic, review this navigation safety checklist:
- Wear a bright-colored PFD and clothing for visibility
- Carry a whistle or air horn — one short blast to signal course changes
- Mount a 360° white light for dawn, dusk, or night paddling
- Stay close to shore and out of main navigation channels when possible
- Make eye contact with powerboat operators and signal your intentions
- Learn the buoy system for your region — check IALA A or B
